Macron's 2025 China Visit: Tackling Trade Imbalance, Human Rights, and Diplomatic Challenges

French President Emmanuel Macron commenced his fourth official visit to China from December 3 to 5, 2025, amid a complex mix of diplomatic, economic, and human rights issues. Meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping, Macron aims to navigate sensitive topics while promoting France’s strategic interests.

Central to the agenda is the pressing trade imbalance: France's trade deficit with China has doubled to 47 billion euros since 2014. The French delegation seeks to encourage increased Chinese investments in France and address concerns about unfair competition and potential tariffs affecting French exports. The visit unfolds alongside vivid signs of China’s industrial dominance, with China producing over 30% of the global industrial output, and companies like Renault establishing innovation centers in Shanghai to harness local expertise for European vehicle design, exemplified by the Twingo E-Tech electric car.

Human rights concerns also figure prominently. Tibetan activists and NGOs have urged President Macron to raise the plight of Tibetan rights defenders, notably Zhang Yadi, who faces up to 15 years in prison for alleged separatism. Issues such as the abduction of the Panchen Lama and ecological impacts of hydroelectric projects in Tibet have been spotlighted. Macron’s presidency confirmed human rights will be discussed alongside Ukraine, trade, and multilateralism. Additionally, Macron hopes to persuade China to influence Russia regarding the Ukraine conflict.

The French delegation includes multiple ministers and business leaders, with expectations of several agreements to be signed. Macron is expected to balance cautious public diplomacy concerning Taiwan and Hong Kong while securing contracts for French companies.

This visit reflects the ongoing complexity of France-China relations: fostering economic cooperation and innovation amidst strategic competition and human rights challenges. Macron emphasized the importance of Europe being recognized as a respected partner by China, aiming to stabilize bilateral relations during uncertain global dynamics.